In order to visit the United States for a temporary business or pleasure stay, foreign nationals must in many cases (where entry on the Visa Waiver Program isn't available from their country) obtain visitor visas/ These are also called B visas, or tourist visas. They can be applied for at the U.S. embassy or consulate in the foreign national's home country.
The B visa application process can be difficult for anyone, but especially challenging for a foreign national who has a criminal record. The reason is that U.S. immigration law (I.N.A. § 212)) states that foreign nationals with various types of criminal convictions are "inadmissible" to the U.S., meaning they are not allowed to enter the United States on any sort of visa.
Not all crimes automatically result in B visa ineligibility. For example, a single misdemeanor drunk driving conviction is not a criminal visa ineligibility (although it might result in a medical ineligibility for alcoholism plus dangerous behavior.)
Theft crimes, drug crimes, crimes against others (like assault) or crimes against the government (like tax fraud) will, on the other hand, usually result in visa ineligibility.
Although you can read the statutory section yourself, inadmissibility can be hard to figure out. You might not even be able to tell that your criminal conviction makes you inadmissible until the U.S. consular officer makes this determination (or until you consult an attorney).
U.S. immigration law contains an important exception, allowing a visa to be approved where a foreign national was convicted of only one crime and the maximum jail sentence for it is less than one year in that jurisdiction. This is called the "sentencing exception."
Or, even if the sentencing exception does not apply, a foreign national might be eligible for a waiver of inadmissibility from the U.S. government. This allows the person to enter the United States notwithstanding having a criminal record, although the visa might be valid for only one trip or for a limited duration of time.
Criminal inadmissibility grounds apply to all foreign nationals seeking to enter the United States in almost every visa category, not just as tourists. Thus, if you are planning on coming to the United States as a student (with an F-1 visa) or to work temporarily (with an H-1B visa, O-1 visa, or other work visa) and you have a criminal visa ineligibility, you will be required to obtain a waiver before you can successfully get a visa to enter the United States.
Both U.S. and foreign criminal convictions can result in a criminal ground of inadmissibility. You will be required to provide your fingerprints as part of the visa application process. These will be checked against thousands of law enforcement databases, including all U.S. law enforcement databases.
Additionally, U.S. embassies and consulates utilize various methods to obtain foreign law enforcement records. These are publicly available in an increasing number of countries. Lying about your record, or otherwise trying to conceal the information, can result in a permanent visa ineligibility based on misrepresentation.
In order to get a waiver of inadmissibility, you must first meet all the requirements of the visa itself, regardless of your criminal record. For example, to qualify for a B-2 tourist visa, the consular officer must be convinced your intention is pleasure travel and that you will return to your home country at the end of your permitted stay.
If you meet all the standard visa requirements, the U.S. consular officer must then decide whether to recommend the waiver. If you have a recent conviction or have committed a serious crime, the consular officer might not be willing to do so. The consular officer will also consider the purpose of your travel and the U.S. interests served by your trip. For example, if were convicted ten years ago for possessing a small amount of marijuana, you have a strong financial situation, and you have never had any other convictions, you would likely be a good candidate for a waiver recommendation.
If the U.S. consular officer recommends the waiver, the request will be forwarded to the Customs and Border Protection Admissibility Review Office (ARO). This type of inadmissibility waiver (for foreign nationals trying to come to the United States with a nonimmigrant/temporary visa) is called a 212(d)(3) waiver, because it's from § 212(d)(3) of the U.S. Immigration and Nationality Act (I.N.A.).
212(d)(3) waivers are granted solely in the discretion of the U.S. government. No foreign national has an absolute legal right to receive one. ARO considers factors similar to those the consular officer considered when deciding whether to recommend the waiver.
While the consular officer's recommendation is the most determinative factor, the ARO also considers:
In most cases, these reasons do not have to be "compelling." This means that the U.S. government can approve a waiver request if the foreign national is seeking to enter the United States only in order to visit Disneyland, see the Grand Canyon, and so forth. The foreign national need not have an emergency reason for travel to the U.S. (such as visiting a deathly ill U.S. relative) in order to obtain a 212(d)(3) waiver.
There is no separate application process for a 212(d)(3) waiver related to a visitor visa. After your visa interview, a U.S. consular officer who decides to recommend the waiver will forward the request to the ARO electronically. The consular officer might request a foreign police certificate or court documents to scan and forward with the waiver request.
If you know that you have a criminal record, it might be helpful to locate your court documents ahead of time and check the U.S. embassy website for post-specific requirements.
The ARO makes the final determination on your application. If the ARO approves your waiver, it will return the notice of approval to the U.S. consulate in your home country and the consulate will issue your visitor visa.
If the ARO denies your waiver application, it does not mean that you will never be able to receive a U.S. visa. If you apply for a visa in the future, a new waiver request can be sent and the ARO will review your new waiver request. It is usually best to wait at least a year before reapplying, however, as you are unlikely to obtain a different outcome before then, because your circumstances will likely be unchanged.
If you do not agree with or understand the decision of the consular officer or the ARO, an immigration attorney can explain your options and help you decide whether to appeal the decision. (See How To Find an Excellent Immigration Lawyer Near Me.)